Ukukhethwa okungavuthiwe kwezinto nokuhlekisa
Phezulu - Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezisezingeni eliphansi ziyisisekelo sokukhipha okuphezulu - amafutha asemqoka wekhwalithi. Okuqukethwe kawoyela okubalulekile nokwakheka kwezitshalo ezahlukahlukene kuyahlukahluka, ngakho-ke impahla efanelekile eluhlaza kufanele ikhethwe ngokususelwa ezimfanelweni zamafutha asemqoka. Isibonelo, ukukhipha i-rose ebalulekile kawoyela, khetha izinhlobonhlobo ze-rose ngephunga elinamandla nokuqukethwe kwamafutha aphezulu; Ukukhipha i-lavender uwoyela obalulekile, khetha kahle - izitshalo ezikhulile ze-lavender ezinesikhathi esifanele sezimbali.
Ngemuva kokuqoqa izinto ezingavuthiwe, ukwenziwa sengathi kuyadingeka, okubandakanya ukuhlanza, ukomisa, nokuphambanisa. Ukuhlanza kususa ukungcola kanye nokungcola kusuka endaweni ebonakalayo engavuthiwe; Ukomisa kunciphisa okuqukethwe umswakama we-raw. I-Pulverization ibhidliza izinto ezivuthiwe zibe izinhlayiya zobukhulu obufanele, ukwandisa indawo yokuxhumana nge-solvent kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kokukhishwa. Ngokuvamile, izinhlayiya ezibonakalayo ezincane ezibonakalayo ezivuthayo zithela imiphumela engcono yokukhipha, kepha izidingo zemishini nezindleko zenqubo yokugaya kumele nazo zibhekwe.
Ukukhetha kwe-Solvent kanye nesilinganiso
I-solvent efanelekile ibalulekile ekukhishweni kwamafutha e-ultrasonic. I-solvent ekahle kufanele ibe ne-soubelity enhle yezakhi zikawoyela ezibalulekile, ukuguquguquka okulinganiselayo, ukuphepha okuphezulu, kanye nezindleko eziphansi. Izixazululo ezijwayelekile zihlanganisa amanzi, i-ethanol, ethertroleum ether, futhi n - uHexane. Amafutha ahlukile aqakathekile ane-soubelity ehlukahlukene emixazululo ehlukene, ngakho-ke i-solvent efanele kufanele ikhethwe ngokususelwa kwizakhiwo zezinto ezingavuthiwe kanye nelitshe uwoyela obalulekile. Isibonelo, kumafutha abalulekile kakhulu e-polar, njengamanzi - ababi, amanzi noma i-ethanol ingasetshenziswa njengezixazululo; Okwe-NOPN - Polar uwoyela obalulekile, ongeyena - ama-sol sol sols anjenge-petroleum ether kanye n - uHexane kufanelekile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isilinganiso se-solvent ezintweni ezibonakalayo ezivuthiwe futhi sithinta imiphumela yokukhipha. Ngokuvamile, ukukhulisa umthamo we-solvent kuthuthukisa isivuno sokukhishwa kwamafutha abalulekile, kepha lokhu kukhulisa izindleko zokuhlukaniswa okulandelayo kanye nokuhlushwa. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukwandisa i-solvent kwisilinganiso sezinto ezibonakalayo ngokuhlola ukunciphisa izindleko ngenkathi ugcina isivuno sokukhishwa.
Ukusebenza kwe-ultrasonic ukukhishwa
Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezenziwe ngobuhle zihlanganiswa ne-solvent ekhethiwe ngesilinganiso esithile futhi zibekwe kudivayisi yokukhipha i-ultrasonic. Imishini yokukhishwa kwe-Ultrasonic imvamisa iqukethe i-generator ye-ultrasonic, i-transducer, nethangi lokukhipha. I-generator ye-ultrasonic ikhiqiza okuphezulu - imvamisa kagesi kagesi, eguqulwa yi-transducer ibe yi-ultrasonic mechanical vibrations futhi idluliselwa ku-liquid meshity ethangi lokukhipha.
Ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhishwa, ukulawulwa okuqondile kwamapharamitha e-ultrasonic afana nemvamisa, amandla, kanye nesikhathi sokukhishwa kuyadingeka. Izinto ezihlukile zezitshalo namafutha abalulekile adinga amapharamitha ahlukile we-ultrasonic. Ngokuvamile, imvamisa isukela nge-20Khz iye ku-100Khz, futhi amandla asuka kumashumi ama-watts afinyelela kuma-kilowatts ambalwa ngokuya ngemishini nezinto zokwakha. Isikhathi sokukhishwa ngokuvamile sisuka emizuzwini eminingana kuya kumashumi emizuzu. Ngokwenza kahle la mapharamitha, umphumela we-ultrasonic ungalungiselelwe, uzuze ukukhishwa okulungile nokushesha kawoyela.
Ukwahlukana nokuhlanzwa
Ngemuva kokukhishwa, ingxube evela iqukethe amafutha abalulekile nama-sol, adinga ukuhlukaniswa kanye nokuhlanzwa ukuze uthole umkhiqizo omsulwa kawoyela. Izindlela ezijwayelekile zokuhlukanisa zifaka ukufoshelwa, i-centrifugation, kanye ne-distillation. I-FILTRATION isusa ukungcola okuqinile kusuka engxube; I-Centrifugation isebenzisa amandla e-centrifugal ukuze ahlukanise izinto ezihlukile zezinqumo ezahlukahlukene, ethuthukisa ukucaca kwengxube; Futhi i-distillation isebenzisa umehluko amaphuzu abilayo phakathi kwamafutha abalulekile nama-sols ngokufudumeza nokukhipha i-solvent, ngaleyo ndlela ahlukanise namafutha abalulekile kwi-solvent.
Amafutha abalulekile atholwe ngemuva kokuhlobisa kungenzeka aqukethe ukungcola, okufana nemibala nezinto eziphuzayo, edinga ukuhlanzwa okwengeziwe. Izindlela zokuhlanza zifaka ama-adsorption, i-chromatography, kanye ne-crystallization. I-adsorption isebenzisa ama-adsorbents (njenge-carbon ecushiwe i-carbon ne-silica gel) ukumunca ukungcola kusuka kumafutha abalulekile. I-Chromatography ihlukanisa futhi ihlanza izinto ngokuya ngomehluko kuma-coefficiences ahlukanisayo ezinto ezahlukene phakathi kwezigaba ezimile nezimpahla zeselula. I-Crystallization ihlanza amafutha abalulekile ngokulawula izinga lokushisa, ukugxila, kanye nezinye izimo ukuze ikhiphe i-Corgrafling Contcent.
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